Catherine Howard Execution: Henry VIII’s Fifth Wife Beheaded

Introduction On a cold February morning in 1542, the Tower of London witnessed one of history’s most tragic executions. Catherine Howard, barely twenty years old, walked to the scaffold where her husband, King Henry VIII, had condemned her to die. Her crime? Concealing previous relationships and allegedly committing adultery after becoming Queen of England. This … Read more

Excerpt from Speculation: Undercurrents of Treachery

From Speculation: Undercurrents of Treachery: “”Buenos días, Señor Dee,” the man said, his English carrying the distinctive accent of Castile. “A fine day to prepare for a journey, is it not?” Dee maintained a neutral expression. “You have me at a disadvantage, señor.” “Don Diego de Mendoza, at your service.” The Spaniard offered a slight … Read more

Elizabeth I’s 40+ Marriage Proposals: Virgin Queen’s Diplomacy

Introduction What if the most powerful monarch of the 16th century turned marriage proposals into weapons of diplomacy? Elizabeth I of England did precisely that, receiving over 40 marriage proposals during her 45-year reign whilst never having the slightest intention of walking down the aisle. From kings and emperors to archdukes and princes, Europe’s most … Read more

Lady Jane Grey’s 9-Day Reign: Tudor Succession Crisis 1553

Introduction In the summer of 1553, a sixteen-year-old girl found herself proclaimed Queen of England for just nine tumultuous days. Lady Jane Grey’s brief reign represents one of the most dramatic episodes in Tudor history, a period when religious tensions, political machinations, and succession disputes collided with devastating consequences. Yet the legal foundation for Jane’s … Read more